“Kosmischer Tanz: Die bevorstehende Kollision von Andromeda und der Milchstraße
Galaxien sind riesige Ansammlungen von Sternen, Gas, Staub und dunkler Materie, die sich durch das Universum bewegen. Manchmal kreuzen sich ihre Wege und sie beginnen, sich aufgrund der Anziehungskraft der Schwerkraft zu vereinigen.
Wenn zwei Galaxien aufeinandertreffen, passiert Folgendes:
Anfangsphase: Die Galaxien beginnen, sich zu nähern. Ihre Formen können sich durch die Schwerkraft des anderen verzerren.
Verschmelzungsphase: Die Galaxien kommen so nahe, dass ihre Sterne, Gas und Staub beginnen, sich zu vermischen. Während dieser Phase können leuchtende Sterne als spektakuläre Schweife weit ins All schießen.
Sternentstehung: Das nach innen strömende und von der Gravitation komprimierte Gas lässt die Rate der Sternentstehung regelrecht explodieren, auf das mehr als 100-Fache im Vergleich zur Menge an Sternen, die sich regelmäßig neu bilden.
Verschmelzung der Schwarzen Löcher: Die supermassereichen Schwarzen Löcher, die sich in den Mittelpunkten der ursprünglichen Galaxien befanden, wachsen und beschwören dabei einen Sturm energiereicher Teilchen herauf, der das Licht aller Sterne überstrahlt. Zuletzt nähern auch sie sich auf immer engeren Bahnen einander an und vereinigen sich letztendlich.
Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass, obwohl wir das Wort „Kollision“ verwenden, die Sterne innerhalb der Galaxien so weit voneinander entfernt sind, dass sie selten direkt aufeinanderprallen. Stattdessen werden sie durch die kombinierte Schwerkraft der beiden Galaxien auf neue Bahnen gelenkt.
Ein Beispiel für eine solche bevorstehende „Kollision“ ist das Schicksal unserer eigenen Galaxie, der Milchstraße, die in einigen Milliarden Jahren mit der benachbarten Andromedagalaxie zusammenstoßen wird.
Die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich Galaxien bewegen, kann variieren. Unsere lokale Galaxiengruppe, zu der auch die Milchstraße und die Andromedagalaxie gehören, bewegt sich relativ zur kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung mit einer Geschwindigkeit von etwa 630 Kilometern pro Sekunde.
Die Milchstraße und die Andromedagalaxie, die beiden größten Galaxien in unserer Lokalen Gruppe, bewegen sich mit einer Geschwindigkeit von etwa 120 Kilometern pro Sekunde aufeinander zu. Es wird erwartet, dass sie in einigen Milliarden Jahren kollidieren werden.
Was die Anzahl der Sterne in der Lokalen Gruppe betrifft, so ist diese Zahl schwer zu bestimmen, da die Lokale Gruppe viele Galaxien unterschiedlicher Größe enthält. Die Milchstraße allein hat schätzungsweise 100 bis über 400 Milliarden Sterne. Die Andromedagalaxie, die größte Galaxie in der Lokalen Gruppe, hat eine Masse von rund 800 Milliarden Sonnenmassen. Es gibt auch viele kleinere Galaxien in der Lokalen Gruppe, einschließlich der Dreiecksgalaxie (mit zwischen 40 und 50 Milliarden Sternen) und mehrerer Zwerggalaxien. Insgesamt bezeugen Beobachtungen weniger als etwa 50 Mitglieder in der Lokalen Gruppe, aber Computersimulationen sagen einige hundert Galaxien voraus. 
Die Milchstraße, unsere Heimatgalaxie, ist nicht allein im Universum. Sie hat mehrere Begleitgalaxien, die auch als Satellitengalaxien bezeichnet werden. Hier sind einige der bekanntesten Begleiter der Milchstraße:
Die Große Magellansche Wolke: Sie ist die größte und hellste Begleitgalaxie der Milchstraße.
Die Kleine Magellansche Wolke: Sie ist kleiner und dunkler als die Große Magellansche Wolke, aber immer noch eine der größten Begleitgalaxien der Milchstraße.
Canis-Major-Zwerg: Dies ist eine der nächstgelegenen Galaxien zur Milchstraße.
Leo II: Eine Zwerggalaxie, die etwa 700.000 Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt ist.
Willman 1: Eine sehr schwache Zwerggalaxie, die in der Nähe der Milchstraße entdeckt wurde.
Insgesamt haben Astronomen bislang rund 30 kleinere Galaxien im Umfeld der Milchstraße entdeckt. Diese Begleitgalaxien bilden einen sogenannten Halo, der die Milchstraße in einem kugelförmigen Bereich umgibt.
Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass es wahrscheinlich noch viele weitere Begleitgalaxien gibt, die wir noch nicht entdeckt haben. Mit fortschrittlicheren Teleskopen und verbesserten Beobachtungstechniken könnten wir in der Zukunft noch mehr dieser faszinierenden kosmischen Nachbarn entdecken.
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